The trailblazing discoveries of brilliant minds have provided us with a wealth of knowledge to learn from.

“If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants” - Isaac Newton.

ACL

  • Mackenzie M. Herzog,*†‡ MPH, Stephen W. Marshall Cost of Outpatient Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Among Commercially Insured Patients in the United States, 2005-2013 Orthop J Sports Med. 2017 Jan 27;
  • Norte, G.E.; Knaus, K.R.; Kuenze, C.; Handsfield, G.G.; Meyer, C.H.; Blemker, S.S.; Hart, J.M. MRI-Based Assessment of Lower- Extremity Muscle Volumes in Patients Before and After ACLReconstruction. J. Sport Rehabil. 2018, 27, 201–212.
  • Thomas, A.C.; Wojtys, E.M.; Brandon, C.; Palmieri-Smith, R.M. Muscle atrophy contributes to quadriceps weakness after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2015, 19, 7–11.
  • J L Seto 1, A S Orofino, M C Morrissey, J M Medeiros, W J Mason Assessment of quadriceps/hamstring strength, knee ligament stability, functional and sports activity levels five years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction Am J Sports Med Mar-Apr 1988;16(2):170-80. doi: 10.1177/036354658801600215.
  • Howard E,* Effect of High-Protein Diets on Integrated Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis before Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study Nutrients 2022, 14, 563
  • L. Holm, B. Esmarck, M. Mizuno, H. Hansen, C. Suetta, P. Ho ̈lmich, M. Krogsgaard, M. KjærThe Effect of Protein and Carbohydrate Supplementation on Strength Training Outcome of Rehabilitation in ACL Patients Inc. J Orthop Res 24:2114–2123, 2006
  • Tyler TF, Nicholas SJ, Hershman EB, Glace BW, Mullaney MJ,McHugh MP. The effect of creatinesupplementation on strength recovery after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Am J Sports Med 2004;32:383-8.

Cancer Studies

  • M Braga 1, L Gianotti, G Radaelli, A Vignali, G Mari, O Gentilini, V Di Carlo Perioperative immunonutrition in patients undergoing cancer surgery: results of a randomized double-blind phase 3 trial Arch Surg 1999 Apr;134(4):428-33. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.134.4.428.
  • Jianmin Xu 1, Yunshi Zhong, Dayong Jing, Zhaohan Wu Preoperative enteral immunonutrition improves postoperative outcome in patients with gastrointestinal cancer World J Surg 2006 Jul;30(7):1284-9. doi: 10.1007/s00268-005-0756-8.
  • Hamaguchi, R.; Tsuchiya, T.; Miyata, G.; Sato, T.; Takahashi, K.; Miura, K.; Oshio, H.; Ohori, H.; Ariyoshi, K.; Oyamada, S.;et al. Efficacy of oral administration of cystine and theanine in colorectal cancer patients undergoing capecitabine-based adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery: A multi-institutional, randomized, double-blinded, placebo- controlled, phase II trial (JORTC-CAM03). Support. Care Cancer 2020, 28, 3649–3657.
  • Tsuchiya, T.; Honda, H.; Oikawa, M.; Kakita, T.; Oyama, A.; Oishi, H.; Tochikubo, K.; Hashimoto, T.; Kurihara, S.; Shibakusa, T.. Oral administration of the amino acids cystine and theanine attenuates the adverse events of S-1 adjuvant chemotherapy in gastrointestinal cancer patients. Int. J. Clin. Oncol. 2016, 21, 1085–1090.

Carbohydrate Loading

  • L. Holm, B. Esmarck, M. Mizuno, H. Hansen, C. Suetta, P. Ho ̈lmich, M. Krogsgaard, M. KjærThe Effect of Protein and Carbohydrate Supplementation on Strength Training Outcome of Rehabilitation in ACL Patients Inc. J Orthop Res 24:2114–2123, 2006
  • Douglas Paddon-Jones 1, Melinda Sheffield-Moore, Randall J Urban, Arthur P Sanford, Asle Aarsland, Robert R Wolfe, Arny A Ferrando Essential amino acid and carbohydrate supplementation ameliorates muscle protein loss in humans during 28 days bedrest J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Sep;89(9):4351-8. doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-032159.
  • Choi, Yong Seon MD, PhD; Cho, Byung Woo MD; Kim, Hye Jin MD; Lee, Yong Suk MD; Park, Kwan Kyu MD, PhD; Lee, Bora MD Effect of Preoperative Oral Carbohydrates on Insulin Resistance in Older Adults Who Underwent Total Hip or Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective Randomized Trial Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons: May 13, 2022 - Volume - Issue - 10.5435/JAAOS-D-21-00656
  • Shin, Seokyung MD, PhD; Choi, Yong Seon MD, PhD; Shin, Hyejung MS; Yang, Ick Hwan MD, PhD; Park, Kwan Kyu MD, PhD; Kwon, Hyuck Min MD, PhD; Kang, Byunghag MD; Kim, So Yeon MD, PhD Preoperative Carbohydrate Drinks Do Not Decrease Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty—A Randomized Controlled Trial Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons: January 1, 2021 - Volume 29 - Issue 1 - p 35-43
  • Kadado, Allen; Shaw, Jonathan H.; Ayoola, Ayooluwa S.; More Effects of Preoperative Carbohydrate-rich Drinks on Immediate Postoperative Outcomes in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 30(11):e833-e841, June 2022

Citrulline

  • Hayashi et al. demonstrated that long-term administration of a combination of L-citrulline and L-arginine has a better therapeutic effect on high cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits than arginine alone.
  • Mandel, H.; Levy, N.; Izkovitch, S.; Korman, S.H. Elevated plasma citrulline and arginine due to consumption of Citrullus vulgaris (watermelon). J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 2005, 28, 467–472. [CrossRef]
  • Windmueller, H.G.; Spaeth, A.E. Source and fate of circulating citrulline. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 1981, 241, E473–E480. [CrossRef [PubMed]
  • D M Meesters 1, P F Hannemann, H M van Eijk, V T Schriebl, P R Brink, M Poeze, K A Wijnands.Enhancement of fracture healing after citrulline supplementation in mice 2020 Mar 20;39:183-192. doi: 10.22203/eCM.v039a12.
  • Suzuki T, Morita M, Hayashi T, Kamimura A. The effects on plasma L-arginine levels of combined oral L-citrulline and L-arginine supplementation in healthy males. Bioscience Biotechnology & Biochemistry. 2017 Feb;81(2):372-375.
  • Morita M, Hayashi T, Ochiai M, et al. Oral supplementation with a combination of L-citrulline and L-arginine rapidly increases plasma L-arginine concentration and enhances NO bioavailability. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2014 Nov 7;454(1):53-57.
  • Khalaf D, Krüger M, Wehland M, et al. The effects of oral l-Arginine and l-Citrulline supplementation on blood pressure. Nutrients. 2019;11(7):1679.

Essential Amino Acids

  • Aquilani R, Zuccarelli Ginetto C, Rutili C, Pisano P, Pasini E, Baldissarro E, Verri M, Boschi F. Supplemented amino acids may enhance the walking recovery of elderly subjects after hip fracture surgery. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2019 Jan;31(1):157-60.
  • Rondanelli M, Guido D, Faliva MA, Gasparri C, Peroni G, Iannello G, Nichetti M, Naso M, Infantino V, Spadaccini D, Perna S, Aquilani R. Effects of essential amino acid supplementation on pain in the elderly with hip fractures: a pilot, double-blind, placebo- controlled, randomized clinical trial. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2020 Mar- Apr;34(2):721-31.
  • Tsuchiya, T.; Honda, H.; Oikawa, M.; Kakita, T.; Oyama, A.; Oishi, H.; Tochikubo, K.; Hashimoto, T.; Kurihara, S.; Shibakusa, T.. Oral administration of the amino acids cystine and theanine attenuates the adverse events of S-1 adjuvant chemotherapy in gastrointestinal cancer patients. Int. J. Clin. Oncol. 2016, 21, 1085–1090.
  • Douglas Paddon-Jones 1, Melinda Sheffield-Moore, Randall J Urban, Arthur P Sanford, Asle Aarsland, Robert R Wolfe, Arny A Ferrando Essential amino acid and carbohydrate supplementation ameliorates muscle protein loss in humans during 28 days bedrest J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Sep;89(9):4351-8. doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-032159.
  • Eleonora Baldissarro 1, Roberto Aquilani 2, Federica Boschi 3, Paola Baiardi 4, Paolo Iadarola 2, Marco Fumagalli 2, Evasio Pasini 5, Manuela Verri 2, Maurizia Dossena 2, Arianna Gambino 6, Sharon Cammisuli 1, Simona Viglio 7 Biomed Res Int The Hip Functional Retrieval after Elective Surgery May Be Enhanced by Supplemented Essential Amino Acids 2016;2016:9318329. doi: 10.1155/2016/9318329. Epub 2016 Mar 2
  • Dreyer, H.C.; Strycker, L.A.; Senesac, H.A.; Hocker, A.D.; Smolkowski, K.; Shah, S.N.; Jewett, B.A. Essential amino acid supplementation in patients following total knee arthroplasty. J. Clin. Invest. 2013, 123, 4654–4666.
  • Dreyer, H.C.; Owen, E.C.; Strycker, L.A.; Smolkowski, K.; Muyskens, J.B.; Kirkpatrick, T.K.; Christie, A.D.; Kuehl, K.S.; Lantz, B.A.; Shah, S.N.; et al. Essential Amino Acid Supplementation Mitigates Muscle Atrophy After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. JBJS Open Access 2018, 3, e0006.
  • Ueyama,H, N. Kanemoto,Y. Minoda,Y. Taniguchi,H. Nakamura 2020 Chitranjan S. Ranawat Award:Perioperative essential amino acid supplementation suppresses rectus femoris muscle atrophy and accelerates early functional recovery following total knee arthroplasty A prospective double-blind randomized controlled trial 2020 Bone Joint J
  • Roberto Aquilani,Carlo Zuccarelli Ginetto, Carla Rutili, Pietro Pisano,Evasio Pasini, Eleonora Baldissarro, Manuela Verri, Federica Boschi Supplemented amino acids may enhance the walking recovery of elderly subjects after hip  fracture surgery AgingClinical and Experimental Research Received: 17 November 2017 / Accepted: 27 March 2018
  • Williams JZ, Abumrad N, Barbul A. Effect of a specialized amino acid mixture on human collagen deposition. Ann Surg. 2002 Sep;236(3):369-74,
  • Nathan R. Hendrickson, MD, John Davison, MPH, Natalie A. Glass, PhD, Erin S.Wilson, MD Conditionally Essential Amino Acid Supplementation Reduces Postoperative Complications and Muscle Wasting After Fracture Fixation A Randomized Controlled Trial 2022 JBJS
  • Rondanelli M, Guido D, Faliva MA, Gasparri C, Peroni G, Iannello G, Nichetti M, Naso M, Infantino V, Spadaccini D, Perna S, Aquilani R. Effects of essential amino acid supplementation on pain in the elderly with hip fractures: a pilot, double-blind, placebo- controlled, randomized clinical trial. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2020 Mar- Apr;34(2):721-31. 
  • Muyskens JB, Foote DM, Bigot NJ, Strycker LA, Smolkowski K, Kirkpatrick TK, Lantz BA, Shah SN, Mohler CG, Jewett BA, Owen EC, Dreyer HC. Cellular and morphological changes with EAA supplementation before and after total knee arthroplasty. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2019 Aug 1;127(2):531-45.
  • Roberto Aquilani 1, Ginetto Carlo Zuccarelli 2, Anna Maria Condino 3, Michele Catani 2, Carla Rutili 2, Consiglia Del Vecchio 2, Pietro Pisano 2, Manuela Verri 1, Paolo Iadarola 4, Simona Viglio 5 and Federica Boschi 3,* Despite Inflammation, Supplemented Essential Amino Acids May Improve Circulating Levels of Albumin and Hemoglobin in Patients after Hip Fractures Nutrients 2017, 9, 637
  • Dreyer, H.C.; Strycker, L.A.; Senesac, H.A.; Hocker, A.D.; Smolkowski, K.; Shah, S.N.; Jewett, B.A. Essential amino acid supplementation in patients following total knee arthroplasty. J. Clin. Invest. 2013, 123, 4654–4666. [CrossRef]
  • Dreyer, H.C.; Owen, E.C.; Strycker, L.A.; Smolkowski, K.; Muyskens, J.B.; Kirkpatrick, T.K.; Christie, A.D.; Kuehl, K.S.; Lantz, B.A.; Shah, S.N.; et al. Essential Amino Acid Supplementation Mitigates Muscle Atrophy After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. JBJS Open Access 2018, 3, E0006.
  • Syed S I Bukhari 1, Bethan E Phillips 1,Intake of low-dose leucine-rich essential amino acids stimulates muscle anabolism equivalently to bolus whey protein in older women at rest and after exercise2015 Jun 15;308.Am J Physiol Endocrinol Meta

Healthcare Costs

  • Correia, M.I.; Waitzberg, D.L. The impact of malnutrition on morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stay and costs evaluated through a multivariate model analysis. Clin. Nutr. 2003, 22, 235–239.
  • Thomas, M.N.; Kufeldt, J.; Kisser, U.; Hornung, H.-M.; Hoffmann, J.; Andraschko, M.; Werner, J.; Rittler, P. Effects of malnutrition complication rates, length of hospital stay, and revenue in elective surgical patients in the G-DRG-system. Nutrition. 2016, 32, 249–254.
  • Mackenzie M. Herzog,*†‡ MPH, Stephen W. Marshall Cost of Outpatient Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Among Commercially Insured Patients in the United States, 2005-2013 Orthop J Sports Med. 2017 Jan 27;
  • Gianotti L, Braga A, Frei A , Greiner R, Di Carlo V. Health care resources consumed to treat postoperative infections: cost saving by perioperative immunonutrition Shock 2000 Sep;14(3):325-30.
  • Janssen I, Shepard DS, Katzmarzyk PT, Roubenoff R. The healthcare costs of sarcopenia in the United States. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(1):80–85.

Hip Fracture

  • Avenell A, Smith TO, Curtain JP, Mak JC, Myint PK. Nutritional supplementation for hip fracture aftercare in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Nov 30;11:CD001880.
  • Eneroth M, Olsson UB, Thorngren KG. Nutritional supplementation decreases hip fracture-related complications. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006 Oct;451(451):212-7.
  • Ekinci O, Yanık S, Terzioğlu Bebitoğlu B, Yılmaz Akyüz E, Dokuyucu A, Erdem Ş. Effect of Calcium β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (CaHMB), Vitamin D, and Protein Supplementation on Postoperative Immobilization in Malnourished Older AdultPatients With Hip Fracture: A Randomized Controlled Study. Nutr Clin Pract. 2016 Dec;31(6):829-35.
  • Niitsu M, Ichinose D, Hirooka T, Mitsutomi K, Morimoto Y, Sarukawa J, Nishikino S, Yamauchi K, Yamazaki K. Effects of combination of whey protein intake and rehabilitation on muscle strength and daily movements in patients with hip fracture in the early postoperative period. Clin Nutr. 2016 Aug;35(4):943-9.
  • Duncan DG, Beck SJ, Hood K, Johansen A. Using dietetic assistants to improve  the outcome of hip fracture: a randomized controlled trial of nutritional support in an acute trauma ward. Age Ageing. 2006 Mar;35(2):148-53.
  • Aquilani R, Zuccarelli Ginetto C, Rutili C, Pisano P, Pasini E, Baldissarro E, VerriM, Boschi F. Supplemented amino acids may enhance the walking recovery of elderly subjects after hip fracture surgery. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2019 Jan;31(1):157-60.
  • Rondanelli M, Guido D, Faliva MA, Gasparri C, Peroni G, Iannello G, Nichetti M, Naso M, Infantino V, Spadaccini D, Perna S, Aquilani R. Effects of essential aminoacid supplementation on pain in the elderly with hip fractures: a pilot, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2020 Mar-Apr;34(2):721-31.
  • Eleonora Baldissarro 1, Roberto Aquilani 2, Federica Boschi 3, Paola Baiardi 4, Paolo Iadarola 2, Marco Fumagalli 2, Evasio Pasini 5, Manuela Verri 2, Maurizia Dossena 2, Arianna Gambino 6, Sharon Cammisuli 1, Simona Viglio 7 Biomed Res Int The Hip Functional Retrieval after Elective Surgery May Be Enhanced by Supplemented Essential Amino Acids 2016;2016:9318329. doi: 10.1155/2016/9318329. Epub 2016 Mar 24
  • Roberto Aquilani,Carlo Zuccarelli Ginetto, Carla Rutili, Pietro Pisano,Evasio Pasini, Eleonora Baldissarro, Manuela Verri, Federica Boschi Supplemented amino acids may enhance the walking recovery of elderly subjects after hip fracture surgery Aging Clinical and Experimental Research Received: 17 November 2017 / Accepted: 27 March 2018
  • Jan Wernerman Glutamine and alpha-ketoglutarate prevent the decrease in muscle free glutamine concentration and influence protein synthesis after total hip replacement Metabolism Journal VOLUME 38, ISSUE 8, SUPPLEMENT 1, 63-66, AUGUST 01,1989
  • Rondanelli M, Guido D, Faliva MA, Gasparri C, Peroni G, Iannello G, Nichetti M, Naso M, Infantino V, Spadaccini D, Perna S, Aquilani R. Effects of essential amino acid supplementation on pain in the elderly with hip fractures: a pilot, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2020 Mar-Apr;34(2):721-31.
  • Roberto Aquilani 1, Ginetto Carlo Zuccarelli 2, Anna Maria Condino 3, Michele Catani 2, Carla Rutili 2, Consiglia Del Vecchio 2, Pietro Pisano 2, Manuela Verri 1, Paolo Iadarola 4, Simona Viglio 5 and Federica Boschi 3,*Despite Inflammation, Supplemented Essential Amino Acids May Improve Circulating Levels of Albumin and Hemoglobin in Patients after Hip Fractures Nutrients 2017, 9, 637
  • Joseph M. Statz, MD,a Susan M. Odum, PhD,b,c Nicholas R. Johnson, MD,c and Jesse E. Otero, MD, PhDb,c,d,∗Failure to Medically Optimize Before Total Hip Arthroplasty: Which Modifiable Risk Factor Is the Most Dangerous?Arthroplasty Today. 2021 Aug; 10: 18–23.
  • Osman Ekinci 1, Serhat Yanık 2, Berna Terzioğlu Bebitoğlu 3 4, Elvan YılmazAkyüz 5, Ayfer Dokuyucu 5, Şevki Erdem 2Effect of Calcium β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (CaHMB), Vitamin D, and Protein Supplementation on Postoperative Immobilization in Malnourished Older Adult Patients With Hip Fracture: A Randomized Controlled Study Nutr Clin Pract 2016 Dec;31(6):829-835
  • Kennedy DM, Stratford PW, Hanna SE, Wessel J, Gollish JD. Modeling early recovery of physical function following hip and knee arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006;7:100.

(HMB) beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate

  • Kanae Nishizaki PT,, Hitoshi Ikegami MD, Yukio Tanaka MD, Ryutaro Imai MD,Hajime Matsumura MD, DMSc, FACS Effects of supplementation with a combination of β-hydroxy-β-methyl butyrate, L-arginine, and L-glutamine on postoperative recovery of quadriceps muscle strength after total knee arthroplasty Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2015;24(3):412-420
  • Zhang Z, Rathmacher J, Coates C, Nissen S. Occurrence of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate in foods and feeds. FASEB J. 1994;8:A464
  • Wilson GJ, Wilson JM, Manninen AH. Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on exercise performance and body composition across varying levels of age, sex, and training experience: a review. Nutr Metab. 2008;5:1.
  • Vukovich MD, Stubbs NB, Bohlken RM. Body composition in 70-year old adults responds to dietary β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate similarly to that of young adults. J Nutr. 2001;131:2049-2052.
  • Flakoll P, Sharp R, Baier S, Levenhagen D, Carr C, Nissen S. Effect of β-hydroxy-β- methylbutyrate, arginine, and lysine supplementation on strength, functionality, body composition, and protein metabolism in elderly women. Nutrition. 2004;20:445-451.
  • Clark RH, Feleke G, Din M, et al. Nutritional treatment for acquired immunodeficiency virus-associated wasting using β-hydroxy β-methybutyrate, glutamine, and arginine: a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2000;24:133-139.
  • May PE, Barber A, D’Olimpio JT, Hourihane A, Abumrad NN. Reversal of cancer- related wasting using oral supplementation with a combination of β-hydroxy-β- methylbutyrate, arginine, and glutamine. Am J Surg. 2002;183:471-479.
  • Ekinci O, Yanık S, Terzioğlu Bebitoğlu B, Yılmaz Akyüz E, Dokuyucu A, Erdem Ş. Effect of Calcium β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (CaHMB), Vitamin D, and Protein Supplementation on Postoperative Immobilization in Malnourished Older Adult Patients With Hip Fracture: A Randomized Controlled Study. Nutr Clin Pract. 2016 Dec;31(6):829-35.
  • Manzano M, Giron MD, Salto R, Sevillano N, Rueda R, Lopez-Pedrosa JM. Is β- hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) the bioactive metabolite of L-leucine (LEU) in muscle? Molecular evidence and potential implications. Abstract presented at: European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism 31st Congress; Vienna, Austria; August 29- September 1, 2009. Abstract P267.
  • Alon T, Bagchi D, Preuss HG. Supplementing with beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) to build and maintain muscle mass: a review. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol. 2002;111:139-152.
  • Nissen S, Sharp R, Ray M, et al. Effect of leucine metabolite β-hydroxy-β- methylbutyrate on muscle metabolism during resistance-exercise training. J Appl Physiol. 1996;81:2095-2104
  • Effect of the Combination of Creatine Monohydrate Plus HMB Supplementation on Sports Performance, Body Composition, Markers of Muscle Damage and Hormone Status: A Systematic Review Julen Fernández-Landa 1 , Julio Calleja-González 1 , Patxi León-Guereño 2 , Alberto Caballero-García 3 Nutrients 2019, 11, 2528;doi:10.3390/nu11102528
  • Nissen S, Sharp R, Ray M, et al. Effect of leucine metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate on muscle metabolism during resistance-exercise training. J Appl Physiol. 1996;81:2095-2104
  • Osman Ekinci 1, Serhat Yanık 2, Berna Terzioğlu Bebitoğlu 3 4, Elvan Yılmaz Akyüz 5, Ayfer Dokuyucu 5, Şevki Erdem 2Effect of Calcium β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (CaHMB), Vitamin D, and Protein Supplementation on Postoperative Immobilization in Malnourished Older Adult Patients With Hip Fracture: A Randomized Controlled Study Nutr Clin Pract 2016 Dec;31(6):829-835
  • HMB Clinical Summary overview pdf Abbott Laboratories 150608/January 2016

Joint Arthroplasty

  • W. C. Schroer, A. R. LeMarr, K. Mills, A. L. Childress, D. J. Morton, M. E. Reedy 2019 Chitranjan S. Ranawat Award: Elective joint arthroplasty outcomes improve in malnourished patients with nutritional intervention a prospective population analysis demonstrates a modifiable risk factor Bone Joint J 2019;101-B(7 Supple C):17–21
  • William C. Schroer, MD ,Paul J. Diesfeld, PA-C, Angela R. LeMarr, RN, ONC, Diane J. Morton, MS, Mary E. Reedy, RN, ONC Modifiable Risk Factors in Primary Joint ArthroplastyIncrease 90-Day Cost of Care Journal of arthroplasty. 2018VOLUME 33, ISSUE 9, P2740-2744

Malnutritrition

  • Correia, M.I.; Waitzberg, D.L. The impact of malnutrition on morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stay and costs evaluated through a multivariate model analysis. Clin. Nutr. 2003, 22, 235–239.
  • Thomas, M.N.; Kufeldt, J.; Kisser, U.; Hornung, H.-M.; Hoffmann, J.; Andraschko, M.; Werner, J.; Rittler, P. Effects of malnutrition complication rates, length of hospital stay, and revenue in elective surgical patients in the G-DRG-system. Nutrition. 2016, 32, 249–254.
  • Geurden, B.; Franck, E.; Weyler, J.; Ysebaert, D. The risk of malnutrition in community-living elderly on admission to hospital for major surgery. Acta Chir. Belg. 2015, 115, 341–347.
  • Pirlich M, Schütz T, Kemps M, et al. Social risk factors for hospital malnutrition. Nutrition. 2005;21:295-300.
  • Forster S, Gariballa S. Age as a determinant of nutritional status: a cross sectional study. Nutr J. 2005;4:28.
  • Guigoz Y, Lauque S, Vellas BJ. Identifying the elderly at risk for malnutrition: the Mini Nutritional Assessment. Clin Geriatr Med. 2002;18:737-757.
  • W. C. Schroer, A. R. LeMarr, K. Mills, A. L. Childress, D. J. Morton, M. E. Reedy 2019 Chitranjan S. Ranawat Award: Elective joint arthroplasty outcomes improve in malnourished patients with nutritional intervention a prospective population analysis demonstrates a modifiable risk factor Bone Joint J 2019;101-B(7 Supple C):17–21
  • Bourdel-Marchasson I, Joseph PA, Dehail P, et al. Functional and metabolic early changes in calf muscle occurring during nutritional repletion in malnourished elderly patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73:832-838.
  • Grant H.GarciaMD, Michael C.FuMD, MHSDavid M.DinesMDEdward V.CraigMD, MPH Lawrence V.GulottaMD Malnutrition: a marker for increased complications, mortality, and length of stay after total shoulder arthroplasty Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Volume 25, Issue 2, February 2016, Pages 193-20

Nutritional Screening

  • Wischmeyer, P.E.; Carli, F.; Evans, D.C.; Guilbert, S.; Kozar, R.; Pryor, A.; Thiele, R.H.; Everett, S.; Grocott, M.; Gan, T.J.; et al. American Society for Enhanced Recovery and Perioperative Quality Initiative Joint Consensus Statement on Nutrition Screening and Therapy Within a Surgical Enhanced Recovery Pathway. Anesth. Analg. 2018, 126, 1883–1895.
  • Guigoz Y, Lauque S, Vellas BJ. Identifying the elderly at risk for malnutrition: the Mini Nutritional Assessment. Clin Geriatr Med. 2002;18:737-757.
  • Roberto Aquilani 1, Ginetto Carlo Zuccarelli 2, Anna Maria Condino 3, Michele Catani 2, Carla Rutili 2, Consiglia Del Vecchio 2, Pietro Pisano 2, Manuela Verri 1, Paolo Iadarola 4, Simona Viglio 5 and Federica Boschi 3, Despite Inflammation, Supplemented Essential Amino Acids May Improve Circulating Levels of Albumin and Hemoglobin in Patients after Hip Fractures Nutrients 2017, 9, 637
  • Hübner M, Mantziari S, Demartines N, et al. Postoperative Albumin Drop Is a Marker for Surgical Stress and a Predictor for Clinical Outcome: A Pilot Study. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2016;2016:8743187

Rotator Cuff Repair

Sarcopenia

  • Roubenoff R. Sarcopenia: effects on body composition and function. J Gerontol. 2003;58A:1012-1017.
  • Doherty TJ. Invited review: aging and sarcopenia. J Appl Physiol. 2003;95:1717-1727.
  • Grimby G, Saltin B. The aging muscle. Clin Physiol. 1983;3:209-218.
  • Janssen I, Shepard DS, Katzmarzyk PT, Roubenoff R. The healthcare costs of sarcopenia in the United States. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(1):80–85.

Shoulder Arthroplasty

  • Grant H.GarciaMD, Michael C.FuMD, MHSDavid M.DinesMD Edward V.CraigMD, MPH Lawrence V.GulottaMD Malnutrition: a marker for increased complications, mortality, and length of stay after total shoulder arthroplasty Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Volume 25, Issue 2, February 2016, Pages 193-20
  • Robert A. Burnett, MDa, Daniel E. Goltz, MD, MBAb, Jay M. Levin, MD, MBAb, Characteristics and risk factors for 90-day readmission following shoulder arthroplasty J Shoulder Elbow Surg (2022) 31, 324–332
  • Katherine A. Burns, MDa,*, Lynn M. Robbins, PA-Ca, Modifiable risk factors increase length of stay and 90-day cost of care after shoulder arthroplasty J Shoulder Elbow Surg (2022) 31, 2–7
  • Etienne M. Flamant, BSa, Daniel E. Goltz, MD, MBAb, Robert A. Burnett, MDc, Malnutrition in elective shoulder arthroplasty: a multi-institutional retrospective study of preoperative albumin and adverse outcomes J Shoulder Elbow Surg (2021) 30, 2491–2497

Total Knee

  • Dreyer, H.C.; Strycker, L.A.; Senesac, H.A.; Hocker, A.D.; Smolkowski, K.; Shah, S.N.; Jewett, B.A. Essential amino acid supplementation in patients following total knee arthroplasty. J. Clin. Invest. 2013, 123, 4654–4666.
  • Dreyer, H.C.; Owen, E.C.; Strycker, L.A.; Smolkowski, K.; Muyskens, J.B.; Kirkpatrick, T.K.; Christie, A.D.; Kuehl, K.S.; Lantz, B.A.; Shah, S.N.; et al. Essential Amino Acid Supplementation Mitigates Muscle Atrophy After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. JBJS Open Access 2018, 3, e0006.
  • Ueyama,H, N. Kanemoto,Y. Minoda,Y. Taniguchi,H. Nakamura 2020 Chitranjan S. Ranawat Award:Perioperative essential amino acid supplementation suppresses rectus femoris muscle atrophy and accelerates early functional recovery following total knee arthroplasty A prospective double-blind randomized controlled trial 2020 Bon Joint J
  • Choi, Yong Seon MD, PhD; Cho, Byung Woo MD; Kim, Hye Jin MD; Lee, Yong Suk MD; Park, Kwan Kyu MD, PhD; Lee, Bora MD Effect of Preoperative Oral Carbohydrates on Insulin Resistance in Older Adults Who Underwent Total Hip or Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective Randomized Trial Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons: May 13, 2022 - Volume - Issue - 10.5435/JAAOS-D-21-00656
  • Shin, Seokyung MD, PhD; Choi, Yong Seon MD, PhD; Shin, Hyejung MS; Yang, Ick Hwan MD, PhD; Park, Kwan Kyu MD, PhD; Kwon, Hyuck Min MD, PhD; Kang, Byunghag MD; Kim, So Yeon MD, PhD Preoperative Carbohydrate Drinks Do Not Decrease Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty—A Randomized Controlled Trial Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons: January 1, 2021 - Volume 29 - Issue 1 - p 35-43
  • Kadado, Allen; Shaw, Jonathan H.; Ayoola, Ayooluwa S.; More Effects of Preoperative Carbohydrate-rich Drinks on Immediate Postoperative Outcomes in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 30(11):e833-e841, June2022.
  • Muyskens JB, Foote DM, Bigot NJ, Strycker LA, Smolkowski K, Kirkpatrick TK, Lantz BA, Shah SN, Mohler CG, Jewett BA, Owen EC, Dreyer HC. Cellular and morphological changes with EAA supplementation before and after total knee arthroplasty. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2019 Aug 1;127(2):531-45.
  • Dreyer, H.C.; Strycker, L.A.; Senesac, H.A.; Hocker, A.D.; Smolkowski, K.; Shah, S.N.; Jewett, B.A. Essential amino acid supplementation in patients following total knee arthroplasty. J. Clin. Invest. 2013, 123, 4654–4666. [CrossRef]
  • Dreyer, H.C.; Owen, E.C.; Strycker, L.A.; Smolkowski, K.; Muyskens, J.B.; Kirkpatrick, T.K.; Christie, A.D.; Kuehl, K.S.; Lantz, B.A.; Shah, S.N.; et al. Essential Amino Acid Supplementation Mitigates Muscle Atrophy After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. JBJS Open Access 2018, 3, E0006.
  • Kennedy DM, Stratford PW, Hanna SE, Wessel J, Gollish JD. Modeling early recovery of physical function following hip and knee arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006;7:100.

Wound Healing

  • Demling RH. Nutrition, anabolism, and the wound healing process: an overview. Eplasty. 2009;9:65-94.
  • Williams JZ, Barbul A. Nutrition and wound healing. Surg Clin North Am. 2003;83:571-596
  • Joyce K. Stechmiller ARNP, PhD, CS,Beverly Childress ARNP, PhD,Linda Cowan RN, CWS2005 Arginine Supplementation and Wound Healing Nurt in Clinical Practice
  • Arginine Supplementation and Wound Healing Joyce K. Stechmiller ARNP, PhD, CS,Beverly Childress ARNP, PhD,Linda Cowan RN, CWS First published: 01 February 2005
  • Bouchon Y, Michon J, Chanson L, Merle M, Debry G. [Effect of ornithine oxoglutarate on the duration and quality of wound healing in extensive reparative and plastic surgical methods]. Ann Chir Plast Esthet 1989; 34: 447-9.
  • Coudray-Lucas C, Le Bever H, Cynober L, De Bandt JP, Carsin H. Ornithine alpha ketoglutarate improves wound healing in severe burn patients: a prospective randomized double-blind trial versus isonitrogenous controls. Crit Care Med 2000; 28: 1772-6.
  • De Bandt JP, Coudray-Lucas C, Lioret N, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the influence of the mode of enteral ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate administration in burnpatients. J Nutr 1998; 128: 563-9.
  • Donati L, Ziegler F, Pongelli G, Signorini MS. Nutritional and clinical efficacy of ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate in severe burn patients. Clin Nutr 1999; 18: 307-11
  • Cynober L, Lasnier E, Le Boucher J, Jardel A, Coudray-Lucas C. Effect of ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate on glutamine pools in burn injury: evidence of component interaction. Intensive Care Med. 2007 Mar;33(3):538-41.
  • S. MEAUME 1 , EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF ORNITHINE ALPHA-KETOGLUTARATE IN HEEL PRESSURE ULCERS IN ELDERLY PATIENTS: RESULTS OF A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL,The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging.Volume 13, Number 7, 2009